(Civil Appeal No.3637 of 1983 was from the judgment and order, dated December 18, 1981 of the Madras High Court in T.C. No.469 of 1978).

(Civil Appeal No. 8017 of 1995 was from the judgment and order, dated April 4,1995, of the Madras High Court in T.C. No.998 of 1982).

(Civil Appeal No. 15346 of 1996 was from the judgment and order, dated June 27, 1996, of the Madras High Court in T.C. (Reference) No.893 of 1984).

Income-tax----

---Industrial company ---Concessional rate of tax---Meanings of "industrial company", "processing" and "fumigation" ---Chillies made ready for export---Series of activities undertaken including fumigation---Whether cumulative effect of activities including fumigation amount to "processing requires proper evaluation---Decision of High Court set aside and matter remanded---Indian Finance Act, 1974, S.2(8)(c)---Indian Finance Act, 1976, S.2(9)(c)---Indian Finance (No.2) Act, 1977 S.2(7)(c).

The expression "industrial company" has been defined in section 2 of the Finance Act, 1974, as meaning a company which is mainly engaged in the business of generation or distribution of electricity or any other form of power or in the construction of ships or in the manufacture or processing of goods or in mining. In Chowgule & Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Union of India (1981) 47 STC 124, the Supreme Court stated that the word "processing" has not been defined in the Act and it must, therefore, be interpreted according to its plain natural meaning. Webster's Dictionary gives the following meaning of the word "process": "to subject to some special process or treatment, to subject (especially raw material) to a process of manufacture, development or preparation for the market, etc., to convert into marketable form as livestock by slaughtering, grain by milling, cotton by spinning, milk by pasteurising, fruits and vegetables by sorting and repacking". Where, therefore, any commodity is subjected to a process or treatment with a view to its "development or preparation for the market'", as for example, by sorting and repacking fruits and vegetables, it would amount to processing of the commodity. The nature and extent of processing may vary from case to case; in one case the processing may be slight and in another it may be extensive; but with each process suffered, the commodity would experience a change. Wherever a commodity undergoes a change as a result of some operation performed on it or in regard to it, such operation would amount to processing of the commodity. The dictum laid down by the Supreme Court in Chowgule's case has not been departed from in the later decision rendered in Delhi Cold Storage (P.) Ltd. v. C.I.T. (1991) 191 ITR 656. It appears that since in cold storage there was only an act of preservation -- without any positive action -- the Supreme Court took the view that the company running a cold storage is not an industrial company and no process is involved.

The assessee, a public limited company, was carrying on the business of sale and purchase of chillies. Chillies were exported. The chillies purchased by the assessee -company were sorted and graded as per Agmark specifications. Better quality chillies were picked out and sorted for export and before export they were clipped and stemmed and subjected to fumigation under expert technical hands in order to prevent deterioration and with a view to give better polish and appearance and during that process they were treated with methyl bromide. A substantial part of the goods were exported. The assessee claimed that it was engaged in the "business of processing of goods" and so entitled to the concessional rate of income-tax under the Finance Act. The Madras High Court, for the assessment year 1971-72, held that the assessee was not an industrial company coming with the meaning of section 2(6)(c) of the Finance Act (No.2) of 1971. (See Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73): For the subsequent assessment years 1974-75, 1976-77 and 1977-78, the earlier decision rendered for the assessment year 1971-72 was followed without discussion. On appeal to the Supreme Court:

Held, that the ultimate conclusion as to whether the assessee was carrying on the business of processing of goods would depend upon a consideration of all relevant materials available in the case. The Madras High Court had eschewed from consideration one important activity carried on in the matter, namely, the activity relating to the fumigation by the treatment with methyl bromide, on the ground that it was done by another company on behalf of the assessee. That was an irrelevant or immaterial factor. The sole question was, whether on a consideration of the totality of the activities including the one relating to the fumigation by the treatment with methyl bromide which enabled the goods to be exported as a marketable commodity, the activity amounted to the business of processing of goods. The High Court had omitted to consider the matter in that perspective fumigation requires positive action. The dictionary meaning of the said word is "to treat (something contaminated or infected) with fumes or smoke" (Collins English Dictionary). Webster's Comprehensive Dictionary---International Edition--?page 512, gives the meaning for the word, "fumigate" thus, "to subject to smoke or fumes, as for disinfection". The question whether "refrigeration" and "fumigation" were of the same or similar import, or whether there was any difference, was a matter which required a close look. Though the goods purchased by the assessee were chillies, they had to undergo a series of activities in order to make them marketable or more marketable in the export market---a sensitive market. These and other considerations required proper evaluation and an indepth analysis and assistance from technical persons might be required to ascertain how far and to what extent the various activities carried on by the assessee to render the chillies purchased locally as one of export quality could be termed as "carrying on the business of processing of goods" The entire matter required a second look. Hence, the decision in the three instant appeals solely based on the earliest decision of the High Court in Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73, for the assessment year 1971 72 when such materials were not available could not stand.

Chowgule Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Union of India (1981) 47 STC 124 (SC); C.I.T. (Addl.) v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73 (Mad.); C.I.T. (Addl.) v. Mukherjee (A.) & Co (P.) Ltd. (1978) 113 ITR 718 (Cal.); C.I.T. v. Commercial Laws of India (Pvt.) Ltd. (1977) 107 ITR 822 (Mad.); C.I.T. v. Datacons (P.) Ltd. (1985) 155 ITR 66 (Kar.); C.I.T. v. Lakhtar Cotton Press Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. (1983) 142 ITR 503 (Guj.); C.I.T. v. Rajmohan Cashews (P.) Ltd. (1990) 185 ITR 472 (Ker.); CWT v. Syed Amjad Ali (1993) 202 ITR 19 (All.); Delhi Cold Storage (P.) Ltd. v. C.I.T. (1991) 191 ITR 656 (SC); Hind Nippon Rural Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. (No. 1) v. C.I.T. (1993) 201 ITR 581 (Kar.); Hind Nippon Rural Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. (No.2) v. C.I.T. (1993) 201 ITR 588 (Kar.); Shree Mulchand Co. Ltd. v. C.I.T. (1986) 162 ITR 764 (Bom.) and Sri Om Prakas Gupta v. Commercial of Commercial Taxes (1965) 16 STC 935 (Cal.) ref.

T.A. Ramachandran and K.R. Ramamani, Senior Advocates and (Mrs. Janaki Ramachandran, Advocate with them) for Appellant.

J. Ramamurthi, Senior Advocate (Tara Chandra Sharma, B.K. Prasad and C. Radha Krishnan, Advocates with him) for Respondent.

JUDGMENT

K. S. PARIPOORNAN, J.---Aft identical question of law arises for consideration in this batch of three appeals. The appellant is the same firm in all the three appeals. The appellant-assessee is a public limited company carrying on, inter alia, the business of exporting chillies to the United States of America, the U.S.S.R., and Ceylon. The only question that arises for consideration is "whether the appellant is an 'industrial company' as defined in the respective Finance Acts, and can therefore be taxed only at 55 per cent. ? "The Revenue is the respondent in all the appeals.

Civil Appeal No.3637 of 1983 is filed against the judgment of the Madras High Court, dated December 18, 1981, in Tax Case No.469 of 1978 (Reference No.289 of 1978) and relates to the assessment year 1974-75 Civil Appeal No. 8017 of 1995 is preferred against the judgment of the same High Court, dated April 4, 1995, in Tax Case No.998 of 1982 and relates to the assessment year 1976-77 (The judgment of the High Court is reported to X1996) 220 ITR 411). Civil Appeal No. 15346 of 1996 is preferred against the judgment of the same High Court, dated June 27, 1996 in Tax Case (Reference) No.893 of 1984 and relates to the assessment year 1977-78. Regarding the assessment year 1974-75, we are concerned with the Finance Act of 1974, section 2(8)(c); for the assessment year 1976-77, Finance Act, 1976, section 2(9)(c); and for assessment year 1977-78, Finance Act (No.2) of 1977, section 2(7)(c). A similar provision occurring as section 2(6)(c) of the Finance Act (No.2) of 1971 and relating to the income-tax assessment of the appellant for the assessment year 1971-72 was construed by the Madras High Court and the decision was rendered on December 8, 1977, and the judgment is reported as Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73.

Since the language of the different Finance Acts relating to the issue in controversy is substantially the same, we shall quote the earliest provision contained in the Finance Act of 1974 relating to the assessment year 1974?75. It is as follows:

"2. Income-tax. ---

(8) For the purposes of this section and the First Schedule.--....

(c) industrial company' means a company which is mainly engaged in the business of generation or distribution of electricity or any other form of power or in the construction of ships or in the manufacture or processing of goods or in mining'."

???????????

Paragraph F

In the case of a company, other than Life Insurance Corporation of India established under the Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 (31 of 1956), ---

Rates of income-tax

1. In the case of a domestic company,-

(1) Where the company is a company in which the public are sub?stantially interested,---

(i) in a case where the total income??????? ???????? 45 per cent. of the total

does not exceed Rs.1,00,000?? ???????????????????? income;

(ii) in a case where the total?????? ???????????????????? 55 per cent. of the total

income exceed Rs.1.00,000????? ???????????????????? income;

(2) Where the company is not a

company in which the public are

substantially interested.---

(i) in the case of an industrial company---

(a) on so much of the total income???????? ???????? 55 per cent;"

as does not exceed Rs.2,00,000

The basic facts relevant to all the three appeals are not in dispute. The question that arises for consideration is whether the appellant-assessee is an "industrial company" within the meaning of the Finance Acts aforesaid (hereinafter referred to as the Act) and the tax should be levied at the concessional rate of 55 per cent. only. The assessee, a public limited company, is carrying on the business of sale and purchase of chillies. Chillies are exported to the U.S.S.R., the U.S.A., and Ceylon. The chillies purchased by the assessee-company are sorted and graded as per Agmark specifications. Better quality chillies are picked up and sorted out for export and before export they are clipped and stemmed and subjected to fumigation under expert technical hands in order to prevent deterioration and with a view to give better polish and appearance and during that process they are treated with methyl bromide. A substantial part of the goods are exported According to the assessee, it is engaged in the "business of processing of foods" and so entitled to the concessional rate of income-tax as per the Finance Act. The Revenue disputes this claim. According to it, no processing is involved and the goods purchased and exported are chillies and the assessee cannot be considered to be an "industrial company" carrying on the business of processing of goods. An identical matter came up for consideration before the Madras High Court relating to the same assessee ?appellant for the assessment year 1971-72 and the Court held that the assessee is not an industrial company coming within the meaning of section 2(6)(c) of the Finance (No.2) Act of 1971. The said decision is reported in Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (19781 115 TTR 73. When the matter came up for consideration in the subsequent years 1974-75, 1976-77 and 1977-78, the earlier decision rendered for the assessment year 1971-72 (Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73) was followed without discussion. In this batch of appeals, the appellant assails the reasoning and conclusion of the High Court contained in its judgment dated December 8, 1977, relating to the assessment year 1971-72 in Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73 as incorrect and unsustainable.

We heard counsel. The appellant's counsel vehemently contended that the decision of the High Court rendered for the assessment year 1971-72 (Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73) did not consider in an appropriate perspective the requirement of the relevant provisions of the Finance Act or the meaning to be given to the word processing of goods. As stated, the assessee-appellant purchased chillies. They were sorted and graded as per Agmark specifications. Better quality chillies were picked up and sorted out for export and before export they were clipped and stemmed and subjected to fumigation under expert technical hands in order to prevent deterioration and with a view to give better polish and appearance and during that process they were treated with methyl bromide. It is common ground that the appellant got the chillies fumigated by Mysodet (Pvt.) Ltd., Bangalore, by paying charges therefor under a contract. On the basis of these facts, the High Court in the earlier decision (Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73) concluded that the relevant section of the Finance Act---section 2(6)(c)---suggests that the appellant-company itself should engage in the entire activity which leads to the final processing of the goods. In the said decision, the High Court took the view that the appellant-assessee is concerned only with the activity of sorting and grading of chillies as per Agmark specifications and making them fit for export and before exporting clipping and stemming of chillies. The activity relating to fumigation by the treatment with methyl bromide was done by Mysodet (Pvt.) Ltd. and the assessee did not engage in this treatment of preservation and cannot claim the benefit of the concession specified in the Finance Act.

We were referred to a few decisions by both the sides to understand the scope of the word "processing" contained in the respective Finance Acts and also as to how it was understood by the Board of Direct Taxes. We shall refer to them in brief. (These decisions were not available when the Madras High Court rendered the earlier decision in Add]. CIT v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR-73, dated December 8, 1977). Construing the word "processing' occurring in section 8(3)(b) of the Central Sales Tax Act, and rule 13 of the Central Sales Tax (Registration and Turnover) Rules, 1957, to decide whether the ore blended in the course of loading through the mechanical ore handling plant can be said to undergo processing when it is blended, a three-member Bench of this Court in Chowgule Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Union of India (1981) 47 STC 124, at pages 130-131, stated thus:

" . . . .whether the ore blended in the course of loading through the mechanical ore handling plant can be said to undergo processing when it is blended. The answer to this question depends upon what is the true meaning and connotation of the word 'processing' in section 8(3)(b) and rule 13. This word has not been defined in the Act and it must, therefore, be interpreted according to its plain natural meaning. Webster's Dictionary gives the following meaning of the word 'process': to subject to some special process or treatment, to subject) especially raw material) to a process of manufacture, development of preparation for the market, etc., to convert into marketable form as livestock by slaughtering, grain by milling, cotton by spinning, milk by pasteurising, fruits and vegetables by sorting and repacking'. Where, therefore, any commodity is subjected to a process or treatment with a view to its 'development or preparation for the market', as, for example, by sorting and repacking fruits and vegetables, it would amount to processing of the commodity within the meaning of section 8(3)(b) and rule 13. The nature and extent of processing may vary from case to case; in one case the processing may be slight and in another it may be extensive; but with each process suffered, the commodity would experience a change. Wherever a commodity undergoes a change as a result of some operation performed on it or in regard to it, such operation would amount to processing of the commodity. The nature and extent of the change is not material. It may be that comphor powder may just be compressed into comphor cubes by application of mechanical force or pressure without addition or admixture of any other material and yet the operation would amount to processing of comphor powder as. held by the Calcutta High Court in Sri Om Prakas Gupta v. Commr, of Commercial Taxes (1965) 16 STC 935. What is necessary in order to characterise an operation as 'processing' is that the commodity must, as a result of the operation, experience some change. "

The above decision was followed by different High Courts in giving effect to similar provisions in the Finance Acts in different contexts. In C.I.T. v. Lakhtar Cotton Press Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. (1983) 142 ITR 503, the Gujarat High Court held that when the assessee was carrying on the business of ginning and pressing of cotton, and cotton received in bulk was mechanically pressed into small units and packed in commercial acceptable bales, it is an operation which results in the change of commodity and amounts to processing of goods and the company engaged in such an activity is an industrial company entitled to the concessional rate of tax since it is engaged in the processing of goods. In C.I.T. v. Datacons (P.) Ltd. (1985) 155 ITR 66, the Karnataka High Court held that conversion of data furnished by customers into balance-sheets, stock accounts, etc., amounts to processing of goods within the meaning of the term contained in the Finance Act and so, the assessee is entitled to the concessional rate of tax. The Allahabad High Court in CWT v. Syed Amjad Ali (1993) 202 ITR 19 held that the activity of crushing of tobacco leaves and separating stem and dust therefrom amounts to processing within the meaning of the relevant expression that occurred in the Wealth Tax Act. The Bombay High Court in Shree Mulchand Co. Ltd. v. C.I.T. (1986) 162 ITR 764 held that when a company? purchases wool, sorts out the same in different qualities and colours and staple lengths, and then hand-washes it to eliminate dirt, etc., and dries it in sun and blends it uniformly for sale and export, a new commercial commodity is brought into existence and the operation carried on amounts to processing of goods and the assessee is an industrial company, entitled to the concessional rate of tax under the Finance (No .2) Act of 1971. The Kerala High Court in C.I.T. v. Rajmohan Cashews (P.) Ltd. (1990) 185 ITR 472 held that when the assessee-company was engaged in processing raw cashew nuts and the major operation of processing work was done by outside agencies on behalf of the assessee and the charges therefore were paid by the assessee, the assessee was engaged in the manufacture and processing of the goods and was an industrial company within the meaning of section 2(6)(c) of the Finance Act, 1972. The Court held that the fact that the processing was not done in the factory of the assessee but in the factory of someone else would not necessarily mean that the assessee is not mainly engaged in the processing of the goods provided there is material to show that the processing was done by the outside agency for and on behalf of the assessee and the charge incurred therefore were paid by the assessee directly. Reference may also be made in this connection, to Circular No. 347, dated July 7, 1982, issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes, printed at (1982) 137 ITR !St.) 14, which is to the following effect:

"Circular No.347, dated 7th July, 1982.

To

All Commissioners of Income-tax

Sir,

Subject: Book publishing---Whether industrial companies.

The Board has received representations that companies engaged in publishing of books should be treated as industrial companies for the purpose of section 104 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Reference has been made in this connection to the decisions of the Madras and Calcutta High Courts in the cases of C.I.T. v. Commercial Laws of India (Pvt.) Ltd. ;1977) 107 ITR 822 and Addl. C.I.T. v. A. Mukherjee Co. (P.) Ltd. (1978) 113 ITR 718, respectively. In the Madras decision, it has been held that folding and stitching the printed sheets and converting them into parts or books as the case may be, constituted processing of goods. In the Calcutta decision, it was held that it is wholly unnecessary for a publisher of books to be an owner of a printing press car to be himself a book binder to be a manufacturer of books: A publisher may get the books printed from any printer, but the printer is a mere contractor and the publisher carries on the business of manufacturing and processing of goods.

2. The Board has been advised to accept these decisions. In view thereof, book publishing companies even though they may themselves not be engaged in the printing or binding of books qualify to be treated as industrial companies for the purpose of section 104 as well as for the concessional tax treatment given to industrial companies.

3. The contents of the circular may kindly be brought to the notice of all officers working under your charge. "

On the basis of the above materials, counsel for the appellant vehemently contends that the entire approach made by the High Court and the conclusion reached by it is unsustainable and the above materials were not available to the Madras High Court when it rendered the parent decision in Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73. It was contended that the main reasoning in the said decision in Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73 is to the effect that the activity done by the assessee, namely, sorting and grading of chillies as per Agmark specifications and making them fit for export and before export clipping and stemming of chillies were alone done by them but the activity relating to fumigation by the treatment of methyl bromide was done by another on its behalf, and so the assessee cannot claim the benefit and the totality of the activities cannot be considered as having been done by the assessee and it is on this basis of reasoning, it was held that in this view it cannot be said that the assessee was engaged in the processing of goods within the meaning of the Finance (No.2) Act 1971. The plea urged before us is that the word "processing" has been understood in a very wide sense by the three-member Bench of this Court in Chowgule's case (1981) 47 STC 124 and by various High Courts referred to hereinabove and, even if one or more of such activities in the series are entrusted to any other person like a contractor, to enable the assessee to complete the task, it will not disable or disentitle the assessee to claim the concessional rote of tax.

On the other hand, counsel far the Revenue submitted that the decision in Chowgule's case (1981) 47 STC 124 (SC) rendered by a three?-member Bench of this Court has been given a restricted scope in a later three-?member decision of this Court in Delhi Cold Storage (P.) Ltd. v. C.I.T. (1991) 191 ITR 656. In that case a private limited company was running a cold storage. It was held that the articles stored in cold storage did not undergo any process. The question was posed as to whether the cold storage company can be held to have been engaged in the processing of goods. A three-member Bench of this Court, after quoting the passage subsequent to the one quoted by us hereinabove---Chowgule's case (1981) 47 STC 124 at page 131, held that the word "processing" is of wider amplitude, and has various aspects and meaning and observed at page 660, "the judgment indicates that processing involves bringing into existence a different substance from what the material was at the commencement of the process". Counsel contended that in this case the goods purchased and exported are the same, namely, chillies. And so, it cannot be stated that by processing a different substance was brought into existence. It was further stated that the activity of fumigation in the present appeals is similar to preservation by refrigeration. It was further argued that the activity carried on by the assessee is only marginal or minimal and so the assessee cannot be said to be carrying on the business of processing of goods. Reference was also made to the decisions of the Karnataka High Court in Hind Nippon Rural Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. (No.1) v. C.I.T. (1993) 201 ITR 581 and Hind Nippon Rural Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. (No.2) v. C.I.T. (1993) 201 ITR 588.

On hearing the rival pleas urged before us, it is evident that the various aspects highlighted in the decisions adverted to hereinabove as also the circular of the Central Board of Direct Taxes were not available to the Madras High Court when it rendered its main decision in Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73. The ultimate conclusion as to whether the assessee was carrying on the business of processing of goods would depend upon the consideration of all relevant materials available in the case. The Madras High Court has eschewed from consideration one important activity carried on in the matter, namely, the activity relating to fumigation by the treatment with methyl bromide on the ground that it was done by another (Mysodet (Pvt.) Ltd., Bangalore) on behalf of the assessee. That is an irrelevant or immaterial factor. The sole question is, whether on a consideration of the totality of the activities including the one relating to fumigation by the treatment with methyl bromide which enables the goods to be exported as a marketable commodity, amounted to the business of processing of goods. The High Court had omitted to consider the matter in that perspective. It also does not stand to reason to state that the dictum laid down by the three-member Bench in Chowgule's case (1981) 47 STC 124 (SC) has been departed from in the later decision rendered by another co?ordinate Bench in Delhi Cold Storage (P.) Ltd. v. C.I.T. (1991) 191 ITR 656 (SC). It appears that since in a cold-storage there was only an act of preservation---without any positive action---this Court was inclined to take the view that the company running the cold-storage is not an industrial company and no process is involved. Fumigation requires positive action. The dictionary meaning of the said word is, "to treat (something contaminated or infected) with fumes or smoke" (Collins English Dictionary). Webster's Comprehensive Dictionary---International Edition ?Page 512, gives the meaning for the word, "fumigate", thus, "To subject to smoke or fumes, as for disinfection". Archaic--to perfume. Whether "refrigeration" and "fumigation" are of the same or similar import, or whether there is any difference is a matter, which requires a close look. It appears that though the goods purchased by the assessee were chillies, it had to undergo a series of activities in order to make it marketable or more marketable in the export market---a sensitive market. These and other considerations require proper evaluation and an in depth analysis and assistance from technical persons may be required to ascertain how far and to what extent the various activities carried on, by the assessee to render the chillies purchased locally as one of export quality can be termed as "carrying on tile business of processing of goods". The entire matter requires a second look. A better investigation into the different activities carried on by the assessee which resulted in making the goods fit for export and how far the cumulative effect of those activities will amount to "the processing of goods" should be arrived at in the light of the various decisions referred to hereinabove. Since such an in depth investigation and analysis of the matter has not been made, we are of the view that the decision in the three instant appeals solely based on the earliest decision of the High Court of Madras, rendered in Addl. C.I.T. v. Chillies Export House Ltd. (1978) 115 ITR 73, when such materials were not available, cannot stand. We, therefore, set aside the judgments in all the appeals and order a remit of the matter to the High Court for a de novo consideration according to law.

The appeals are, therefore, allowed. There shall be no order as to costs.

M.B.A./1461/FC ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Appeals allowed.