COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX VS KANDATH MOTORS
1997 P T D 2219
[224 I T R 663]
[Supreme Court of India]
Before B. P. Jeevan Reddy and Suhas C. Sen, JJ
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX
KANDATH MOTORS
Civil Appeal `Nor 3069 1of 1980 with Civil. Appeals Nos. 3338 of .,1984, 8601-02 of 1983, 411-16 of 1984, 1570-71 of 1993, 4675 of 1984, 3867 of 1992, 7745, Special Leave Petitions (C) Nos. 19919-20 of 1995 and 12744 of 1991, decided on 04/03/1997.
(Civil Appeal No. 3069 of 1980 was from the judgment and order, dated May 24, 1979, of the Kerala High Court in ITR No 85 of 1977).
Income-tax---
----Firm---Registration--Death of partner---Surviving partners entering into partnership with legal representative of heirs of deceased partner--Legal representative also one of surviving partners---Signing deed of partnership in two capacities---Permissible---Partnership valid and entitled to registration-- Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, Ss. 184, 185 & 186.
Originally, the respondent-firm was constituted' by a partnership deed, dated September 13, 1966, and consisted of six partners, including S and two of his sons, K and H. The partnership had been granted registration under the Income Tax Act, 1961. Clause 13 of that partnership deed provided that the death or retirement of any of the partners would not-have the effect of dissolving the firm, but the firm might be continued by the surviving or remaining partners on such terms and conditions as might be agreed upon in writing between them. On February 2, 1970, S died. S had executed A will by which hi, promotees devolved upon his tierce adult sons On February 20, 1970, a fresh partnership deed was executed and singed by six persons K had singed it twice in his individual capacity, and also in his representative capacity on behalf of the heirs of S. The Income-tax Officer initially granted registration` to the newly constituted partnership firm for the assessment year 1971-72, but for the assessment year 1972-73 the Income-tax Officer in exercise of his powers under section 186(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, cancelled the registration, on the ground that K had joined the firm in two capacities and no genuine partnership firm was in existence. The Tribunal was of the view that the partnership was genuine. On a reference, the High Court held that merely because K had signed the partnership deed twice, once in his individual capacity and again as representing the three heirs under the will of S, this would not invalidate the partnership agreement. On appeal to the Supreme Court:
Held, dismissing the appeal, that there were as many as six partners in the respondent firm. K had signed the partnership agreement on his behalf as well as representing the heirs of S. There was nothing in the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, or the Indian Contract Act, 1872, which prevented an agreement of this nature. The validity of the partnership could trot be doubted especially in view of the fact that there were four other partners and K was holding a power of attorney on behalf of the other legal heirs. Moreover there was no conflict of interest between K as an individual and K as representative of the legal heirs of S.
If a partner of a firm dies, the surviving partners may carry on the business by forming another partnership. There can be no legal bar to a legal representative of the deceased partner being admitted to the partnership by the surviving partners. If the legal representative of the deceased is also one of the surviving partners, he can agree to join the new partnership as a nominee of the legal heirs of the deceased partner.
Hoosen Kasam Dada v. CIT (1937) 5 ITR 182 (Cal.) distinguished.
Lachhman Das v. CIT (1948) 16 ITR 35 (PC); Firm Bhagat Ram Mohanlal v. CEPT (1956) 29 ITR 521 (SC) and Chandrakant Manilal Shah v. CIT (1992) 193 ITR 1 (SC) rel.
CIT v. Kandath Motors (1979) 120 ITR 644 affirmed.
Agarwal & Co. v. CIT (1970) 77 ITR 10 (SC); CIT v. A. Abdul Rahim & Co. (1965) 55 ITR 651 (SC); CIT v. Bagyalakshmi & Co. (1965) 55 ITR 660 (SC); CIT v. Kalu Babu Lai Chand (1959) 37 ITR 123 (SC); CIT v. Raghavji Anandji & Co. (1975) 100 ITR 246 (Bom.) and Rai Bahadur Lokenath Prasad Dhautdhania v. CIT (1940) 8 ITR 369 (Pat.) ref.
G. C. Sharma, T. L. V. Iyer, Joseph Vellapally, Senior Advocates (B.S. Ahuja, S. N. Terdol, P. Parmeswaran, S. Balakrishnan, S. Prasad, (S. Ganesh and Mrs. A. K. Verma, Advocates for M/s. J. B. D. & Co.) Sameer Parekh, E. R. Kumar, R. Deepamala, P. H. Parekh U. V. Eradi, A. P. Medh, K. V. Mohan, Aruneshwar Gupta, Mukul Mudgal, Dhruv Mehta and S. K. Mehta Advocates with them) for the Appearing Parties.
JUDGMENT
SUHAS C. SEN, J.---This case relates to the assessment year 1972-73 for which the relevant previous year was the year commencing on July 1, 1970, and ending on June 30, 1971.
Initially, the assessee-firm was constituted by a partnership deed, dated September 13, 1966 and consisted of six persons:-
1.K. K. Sudevan
2.K. S. Krishnadas
3.K. A. Jayapalan
4.K. S. Haridas
5.K. A. Mohandas
6.K. A. Haridas
The partnership had been granted registration under the Income-tax Act. Clause 13 of that partnership deed provided that the death or retirement of any one of the partners shall not have: he effect of dissolving the firm, but the firm may be continued by the surviving or remaining partners on such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon in writing between them.
On February 9, 1970, Sudevan, one of the partners, died. Sudevan had executed a will on January 28, 1970, by which his properties devolved upon his three adult sons, K. S. Krishnadas, K. S. Haridas and K. S. Bhagavandas.
On February 20, 1970, a fresh partnership deed was executed. The partners were;
1. K. S. Krishnadas (No. 2 above-also heir under the will),
2.K. A. Jayapalan (No. 3 above),
3.K. S. Haridas (No: 4 above-also heir under the will),
4.K. A. Mohandas (No. 5 above),
5.K. A. Haridas (No. 6 above),
6. K. S. Krishnadas (No, 2, above)but described in the partnership as Krishnadas representing the heirs of the late Shri K. K. Sudevan as per the registered Will No. 10 of 1970 and being the attorney of the heirs hereinafter called the six partners).
All these six partners had signed the partnership deed. K. S Krishnadas signed it twice, in his individual capacity and also in his representative capacity.
The Income-tax officer initially granted registration to the newly constituted partnership firm for the assessment year 1971-72 (accounting year ending on June 30, 1970). But for the assessment year 1972-73 accounting year ending on June 30, 1971), the Income-tax Officer in exercise of his powers under section 186(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, cancelled the registration. The Income-tax Officer was of the view that Krishnadas had joined the firm in two capacities-(1) his individual capacity, and (2) as representing the heirs of the late K. K. Sudevan According to the Income tax Officer, no genuine partnership firm was in existence and registration could not be granted to such a firm. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner upheld the view of the Income-tax Officer. The Tribunal, however, was of the view that the partnership was genuine and the Income-tax Officer was in error in cancelling the registration of the firm merely because Krishandas had signed the partnership deed twice in two capacities. At the instance of the Commissioner of Income-tax, the following question of law was referred to the High Court (at page 646):
"Whether there was during the year (commencing from July 1, 1970, and ending with June, 30, 1971) relevant to assessment year 1972-73, a genuine firm in existence as registered?"
The High Court answered the question in the affirmative and against the Revenue The High Court was of the view that merely because Krishandas had signed the partnership deed twice, once in his individual capacity and again as representing the three heirs under the will of Sudevan, this would not invalidate the partnership agreement.
The important point to note is that in the partnership, there were four other partners apart 'from Krishandas. Krishandas might not have constituted a partnership with himself in another capacity. But if a partnership exists between Krishandas and several other persons, there is no legal bar t9 Krisnadas's joining the partnership in the capacity of a nominee of others. On the question whether a trustee or personal representative or nominee can join as partner, the law stated in' Lindley and - Banks on partnership, 16th Edition is, "A trustee or personal representative may clearly enter into partnership, although he will be personally liable for any debts and liabilities thereby incurred" .
If a partner dies, the surviving partners may carry on the business by forming another partnership. In such a case they will have to account for the share of the deceased partner to his legal representatives. But if a partner dies, his legal representative may be admitted to the new partnership by the surviving partners. The only question in such a case will be whether an), share of profit received by him qua partner belongs to him personally or to the estate which he represents. The answer will inevitably depend on the facts and circumstances of the case.
However, there can be no legal bar to a legal representative of the deceased partner being admitted to the partnership by the surviving partners. If the legal representative of the deceased is also one of the surviving partners, he can agree to join the new partnership as a nominee of the legal heirs of the deceased partner.
The only difficulty that is being pointed out in this case is that the executor, Krishnadas, who was one of the surviving partners of the erstwhile partnership, has joined the new partnership individually and also as representative of the deceased Sudevan. This would have created a problem, had there been any conflict of interest of Krishandas as an individual and as a representative of the legal heirs of Sudevan. But that is not the case here. The properties of Sudevan under his will passed on to his three sons all of whom were adults. Out of the three sons, Haridas and Krishnadas joined the partnership. Only Bhagavandas remained outside. Having regard to the composition of the partnership, it is not possible to hold that Krishnadas could do anything in the partnership which would be in his interest and against the interests of the other legal heirs of Sudevan.
Under the Income-tax Act, provisions for registration of a firm are contained in sections 184 and 185. In order to obtain registration under the said section 184, the Assessing Officer has to be satisfied that the partnership is evidenced by an instrument and the individual shares of the partners are specified in that instrument. The application for registration has to be signed by all the partners (not being minors) personally. On receipt of an application for registration, the Income-tax Officer has to inquire into the genuineness of the firm and its constitution as specified in the instrument of partnership. If he is satisfied that there was in existence a genuine firm with the constitution so specified he is required by section 185 to pass an order in writing registering the firm. 1f he is not satisfied about the genuineness of the firm or its constitution as specified in the instrument of partnership, he has to pass an order in writing refusing to register the firm.
It was held by this Court in the case of CIT v' A. Abdul Rahim (1965) 55 ITR 651, that a partnership cannot be held to be not genuine or be denied registration merely because a partner has joined in a representative capacity, or is a trustee or benamidar for an outsider or for another partner, or is otherwise not beneficially entitled to the whole or part of his share of profits. In that case, the firm was held entitled to registration although there was a private arrangement between two of the partners (to which the other partners were not parties) that one will pass on his share of profits to the other. It was held by this Court that a firm would be entitled to registration although a partner may divide his share of profits with others, e.g., sub partners or members of another firm.
In the case of CIT v. Bagyalakshmi & Co.(1965) 55 ITR 660, this Court held the firm to be entitled to registration, although two partners who had been members of a joint family were not entitled to the entire beneficial interest in their shares of profits but had to divide their shares with other members of their family which was partitioned. Subba Rao, J. observed:
"A contract of partnership has no concern with the obligation of the partner to others in respect of their shares of profit in the partnership. It only regulates the rights and liabilities of the partners. A partner may be the karta of a joint Hindu family; he may be a trustee; he may enter into a sub-partnership with others; he may under an agreement, express or implied, be the representative of a group of persons; he may be a benamidar for another. In all such cases he occupies a dual position. Qua the partnership, he functions in his personal capacity; qua the third parties, in his representative capacity. The third parties whom one of partners represents, cannot enforce their rights against the other partners nor the other partners can do so against the said third parties. Their right is only to a share in the profits of their partner-representative in accordance with law or in accordance with the terms of agreement, as the case may be."
We were referred to large number of cases relating to the problem of genuineness of a partnership firm.
In the case of Hoosen Kasam Dada (A firm) v. CIT (1937) 5 ITR 182 (Cal.), it was held that a Wakf represented by the Mutawalli could not enter into a partnership. Under the Mohammadan Law, the moment a Wakf is created all rights of property vested in the Almighty. Therefore, the partnership which purports to exist with a Wakf represented by the Mutawalli as' a partner was no partnership in law and could not be registered under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. It was also observed by Costello, J:, (at page 199): "I entirely fail to see how it could be argued that a man can be at one and the same time a partner in his individual capacity and a partner, in a representative capacity. Taking that point alone, it follows, in my opinion, that there was no partnership in law of the description set forth in the application made by the assessees".
This observation must be confined to the facts of that case where it was found that there was a possibility of conflict of interest between Hoosen Kasam Dada as an individual and as a representative of the two Wakfs. A partnership has to be brought about by a contract. It has to be seen that there is a valid contract between two persons. A person cannot contract with himself. But where a person has different capacities, he may have power to contract in his representative capacity with himself as an individual, e.g., as an executor, a trustee and administrator or an agent. (Halsbury's Laws of England 4th Edition, Vo1.9, Contract, Article 204).
In the case of Rai Bahadur Lokenath Prasad Dhandhania v. CIT (1940) 8 ITR 369 (Patna), a deed of partnership was drawn up between A in his individual capacity, of the one part, and the joint Hindu family (consisting of A and his two sons) of which A was the Karta, of the other part. An application for registration of the firm was refused by the Income tax Officer. It was held by a Division Bench of the Patna High Court that the decision of the Income-tax Officer was correct. After referring to the following passage from Mayne's Hindu Law (9th Edn.) at page 398 (page 377 of 8 ITR):
"Where a managing member of a joint family enters into a partnership with a stranger the other members of the family do not ipso facto' become partners of the business so as to clothe them with all the rights and obligations of a partner as defined by the Indian Contract Act. In such a case the family as a unit does not become a partner, but only such of its members as in fact enter into a contractual relation with the stranger: the partnership will be governed by the Act,'"
It was observed in that case (at page 378):
.....it appears to me that the partnership which was sought -to be entered into on the 24th of February, 1936, was between Lokenath, on the one hand and Lokenath on the other as the managing member of the joint Hindu family with the result that in this case the family as a unit did not become a partner; in other words that the partnership could be only treated to be in fact between the member of the joint Hindu family and the Karta as the other contracting party which in this case is the same person. The result inevitably follows that there is no partnership in law which could have been registered by the Income-tax Officer. "
The case before us is not of a partnership between the Karta of a Hindu undivided family with himself in another capacity.
The case of Agarwal & Co. v. CIT (1970) 77 ITR 10 (SC) dealt with a partnership where the two Kartas of the two Hindu undivided families had formed a partnership. The question was because the capital of the firm came out of the family funds whether the members of the family ipso facto became partners of the firm. It was held in that case after referring to the case of CIT v. Kalu Babu Lal Chand (1959) 37 ITR 123 (SC), That it was well-settled that a Hindu un divided family could not as such enter into a contract of partnership with another person or persons. A Hindu undivided family is a fleeting body. Its composition changed by births, deaths, marriages and divorce. The assumption that Hindu Joint family could be a partner in partnership firm was based on an erroneous view of law. It was held that the persons who were shown as partners in the deed must be taken by the Income-tax Officer to have joined the same in their individual capacity. It was not open to the Income-tax Officer to go behind the deed and find out whether the partners mentioned in the deed have joined in their own right of representing others. It was held (at page 19):
"Hence, the partnership must be held to have been validly formed as the law did not at the relevant time prohibit anyone, otherwise competent to contract, from entering into a contract of partnership, even though the beneficial interest in his share may vest in other. "
In the case of CIT v. Raghavji Anandji & Co. (1975) 100 ITR 246 (Bom), the firm consisted of eleven partners. The deed was signed by one of the partners in two capacities as an individual and as the Karta of the Hindu undivided family. It was held that the partnership was valid and entitled it registration. It was held in that case that the partnership agreement was a contract between. a person in one capacity and the same person in a different capacity only, but it was a contract between a person in two capacities and nine other persons.
We were also referred to a decision of this Court in the case of Chandrakant Manilal Shah v. CIT (1992) 193 ITR 1, where the, question of genuineness of partnership between the Karta of a Hindu undivided family and an undivided member of the family, was considered. This Court following of the decision of the Privy Council in the case of Lachhman Das v. CIT (1948) 16 ITR 35 (PC), held that if a stranger can enter into a partnership with reference to his own property, with a joint Hindu family through its Karta, there is no sound reason to withhold such opportunity from a coparcener in respect of his separate and individual property.
In this case before us, there are as many as six partners. Krishnadas signed the partnership agreement on his behalf as well as representing the heir of Sudevan. There is no legal bar to Krishnadas entering into an agreement of partnership with the heir of Sudevan. The only problem is Krishnadas was himself one of the heirs. But having regard to the principles laid down by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the decisions of this Court in the cases of Firm Bhagat Ram Mohanlal v. CEPT (1956) 29 ITR 521 and Chandrakant Manilal Shah (1992) 193 ITR 1, where it was held that a Karta could enter into a partnership with a coparcener of the same Hindu undivided family, We do not see why the validity of this partnership agreement should be doubted, especially in view of the fact that there were four other partners and Krishnadas was holding a power of attorney on behalf of the other legal heirs. There is nothing in the Partnership Act or the Contract Act which prevents an agreement of this nature being entered into by the six partners.
In our view the Kerala High Court has come to the right decision in this case. The appeal is dismissal. There will be no order as to costs.
Civil Appeals Nos.3338 of 1984, 8601-02 of 1983, 411-16 of 1984. 1570-71 of 1993, 4675 of 1984, 3867 of 1992, 7745 of 1995 and Special Leave Petitions (C.) Nos.19919-20 of 1995 and 12744 of 1991.
In view of our decision in Civil Appeal No. 3069 of 1980, the above appeals and special leave petitions are also dismissed. There will be no order as to costs.
M.B.A./1374/FC Appeals dismissed.